Lesson-1 : Let us get started !

Hi All,

For all those who are having some apprehensions of various WCM terms being used in various discussions, and strongly believe that it is difficult to understand WCM:

I want to explain these in phased manner in simple (to the extent possible) way. On regular basis I want to put some hints kind of thing for casual reading !

Today we will see some general Concept of music only.

Just we will do the comparison of its building blocks like our language.

Language needs letters Alphabetical A to Z - Music also needs alphabetical viz. notes. Fortunately it needs only 7 letters A to G to denote seven notes.

Collection of letters form the words - Here also collection of various musical notes form the words like equivalent .

Words collected together form the sentence and convey some meaning - Here in music also collection of bunch of notes makes the musical phrases and convey certain feeling (sad, happy, comic, thrilling, frightening etc).

The way we talk with modulation, keeping a gap, with comma, semi colon, full stop etc., raising and lowering of voice etc. musical phrases also "express" its feelings through such equivalent technique .

Ok, we can just talk and communicate, but is that enough ?

We want to document, record and convey it to others, sometime we wanted to communicate without talking and this is done by writing ! Similarly music also needs to be written down for recording, documenting and conveying the exact meaning to others !

( Now you understand, How IR can maintain the disciplined silence and still communicating with every musicians ! B'coz he write notes and everybody follows , with perfect understanding nothing going wrong !)

We write the languages in 1-line, 2-line, 3-line 4-line notebook. (More we grow, we go on reducing the no of lines and finally landing up with no line at all !)

We are not fortunate enough to write a 5-line notebook in our life isn't it !

Now for music we use 5-line notebook called manuscript, each set of 5-line is called a Stave.



It is natural, if we have 5-lines, there will 4-spaces in between.

So A to G can be written on these lines and in between spaces in ascending order from bottom to top in line-space-line-space ..... and so on.

With these background in mind, we can proceed with the preliminaries of WCM !

Let us get started, OK ?

Lesson: 2 - Still in Preliminaries !

Hi All,

Unlike other subjects, music is predominantly a matter of “feeling” .

All of us already “feel” the music, but only the degree of extent of feeling varies, that’s all.

So let us concentrate on some of these feelings and let us apply the “Differentiation” technique :

Take Chinna Kannan Azhaikkiran song. In the beginning, the flute states “Chinna kannan Azhaikkiraan” . Then followed by Dr Balamurali Krishna stating that sentence. (click below to listen!)



You already feel the difference between a flute and Dr BMK’s voice. Don’t’ you ! That’s all enough to state that ”there are difference between voice and an instrument ! “

Similarly there are differences between various instruments, various voices..etc. Same china kannan if sung by SJanaki, you differentiate that ! Similarly, a flute varies from Guitar from violin etc….

Certain thing characterize these differences and without even knowing the terminology we are consciously or unconsciously aware of this fact !

Aware and Keep on developing this differentiation capability . That’s the basic skill required for developing musical capabilities !

Next thing, listen to “Thulli Thulli…” of Chippikkul Muthu (or Suvvi Suvvi of Swathi Muthyam ) Initially, SPB makes some Aalaap like “Aaaa Aaaa" (click below to listen!)



His voice travels to high pitch, drop down, goes bottom of his voice, picking up slowly raising and again reaching top…

So some range of sound level he is showing in that song…

OK. You feel this also…! What else ! So even with the same voice, the song is made up of some travel between various levels of very low to very high…

Keep on developing this differentiation capability also to find the high and low as well as the relative difference feeling !

Now, take the case of “Anne Anne” song. A heavy low voice isn’t it ! (click below to listen!)




Then you listen & feel the IR voice in any other song, the pitch which appears somewhat above that Anne Anne . isn’t it…!.

Then compare with SPB, SJanaki, and the shrieking piece of ‘Thendrale Paatezhudhu.." of Swarnalatha…. !

If you are asked to draw a horizontal line and allocate some range for each of these singers from left end to right end, you can easily do that ….

With some overlapping….In some order ….

Same way you can differentiate the range that can be covered by various instruments, from bass guitar, violin, flute etc ….

Its all about the feeling and most of the time your feelings are right ! In a scale of say 100 %, each of these voices or instruments cover say 30 to 60% only, and the starting and ending point differs for these ranges.

One good instrument cover all these ranges is the Piano or the Keyboard.

To summarise, following differentiation is understood :

-Difference between a Voice and an Instrument

-Difference between the high and low level in the same instrument / voice

-Difference & Comparison between the range that can be handled by different voices/ instruments and their relation

We are already doing these differentiation; only thing required is to consciously increase these differentiating skills.

Western Classical music writing system has all the terminologies and methods to cover and represent the above voice ranges.

Knowing the above subtle differences helps in identifying the right singer or right instrument for the right song/ situation !

IR’s ingenuity of selecting the right kind of instruments and voices based on the range requirement is well known!

In a good music composition, you shall cover all these ranges and represent them at appropriate time for appropriate duration.

WCM often tries to do that with Harmony technique ! Our ultimate goal is to understand that Harmony !

Lesson-3 : A Snapshot of a Short-Score !

Hi All,

Even before getting into any basics, I want to introduce the General Scheme of WCM notations.

For many of you, this might have remained elusive the meaning of these symbiols. But it will not remain hereafter!

Let us have a brief encounter with these notations!

Kindly observe closely the following figure :




The above show a sample score sheet in “Short-Score” format.

You can visualize the following :

Two sets of 5 lines called "Stave" – Each set has 5 lines and 4 spaces in between.

There are certain black notes - a closed black dot kind of thing which are attached with a vertical line/stem either upward or downward as the case may be

Now concentrate on top 5 line.

Top 5-line starts with a kind of symbol
– This is called Clef
– in this case Treble Clef
– Indicates which part of key board the notes or belonging to
– in this case it denotes the high pitch notes (above middle-C) -

After the clef symbol, you see the # symbol.
– This is called the key signature
– it is written now on the 5th line in this treble clef
– This helps in fixing & identifying the Scale (crudely Raagam equivalent) of the song

After Key signature, u can see letter “C”
– it is called Time signature
– it helps in identifying the Time factor of the song

Then you can see the notes written
– either on the lines or in the space between (see the black dots - forget about the stem )
– each denotes a particular note A, B, C etc depending on which line or space it is placed

In the top 5 lines of Treble Clef, if u further notice,
- there are two sets of notes are there – first set of notes forming the top line, with stem upwards
– the second set of notes with stem downwards forming the second line
- Each set is for one particular instrument (or voices), so 2 instruments covered (or 2 sets of voices)

• Are you clear of the top 5 lines contents ?

--------------------------------------------------------

Now concentrate on bottom 5 lines



Now it is easy to follow the same pattern for the bottom 5 lines also :

– the clef symbol is called Bass Clef
- Here also same key signature, only line on which the # symbol is placed is different (4th line)
- Here also the same Time signature , same "C" is there
- Here also notes placed on lines and in spaces
- Here also 2-sets of notes one with stem upward, other with down ward; these form the 3rd and 4th line of song
- Each set is for the 3rd and 4th instrument or voices as the case may be

------------------------------------------

• IF u r clear on the above points, now concentrate on following additionally derived and summary of facts :



o There are 4–lines ie 4 instruments or 4-voices indicated, each having different notes to follow – Two in Treble Clef and Two in Bass Clef.

o There is a big bracket covering the both Treble Clef and Bass Clef – meaning all the notes of all the clefs are to be followed and sung simultaneously

o So all the 4-lines, ie 4 instruments/voices to sing/ play simultaneously BUT ALSO IN SYNCHRONISATION with each other.

o So there is a vertical relation / association between all the four instruments/ voices
– meaning when the first note of instrument-1 is played all the remaining instruments also play their part of first note and so on following the time pattern

o This relation SHOULD NOT be missed and synchronization maintained – which is the job of music Conductor

o So the Vertical relationship as well as Horizontal relationship of notes is what forming the HARMONY, which SHALL FOLLOW CERTAIN RULES ! (Hundreds of it …..!)

o Usually the very first top line is what u call as melody line which the Singer sings and other 3 are using instruments or again voices.

o It is not necessary that all the time all the 4 lines )we call it 4-parts) are must for Harmony, it may be 2-part or 3-part or 4-part .

o BUT whether 2 or 3 or 4-part Harmony,, the Harmony RULES MUST BE FOLLOWED in music composing !

IR religiously follow these Harmony rules in every micro-seconds of his MUSIC !

Lesson-4 : Mapping of Tones and Notes : Part -1

Hi All,

I want to make clear one thing :
1) Becoming proficient in playing a musical instrument (like a pianist, guitarist….etc)
2) becoming expert in musical theory (like a composer, conductor, arranger……)
3) understanding the basics of the theory portion of music ( appreciators like we fans of IR want to become…..)
are three different subjects together.

Currently, we are pursuing the last & third option which is simple to follow (and incidentally may lead to the other two also, if somebody having the guts and determinations to pursue).

So ours is very soft option, and easily attainable goal.

So cheer up !

Now, I take the liberty to refer to the following figure of Keyboard or Piano or Harmonium which I beleive many of you may be already familiar.

• At the leftmost corner, it started with a white key.
• Then a sequence of black and white keys follow that forming a pattern.
• If you count 7 adjacent white keys in sequence, you visualize this pattern ends.
• So 7 white keys and 5 black keys in between forming a total 12 keys complete one pattern. Let us name this one pattern as one Octave.
• After this octave, one another octave follows and so on and you reach the end of the right hand portion of the keyboard/piano
Now let us get into the naming Conventions using the 7 letters A to G (for the time being conveniently forget about those intervening black keys):
• The leftmost white key in this piano is Called “C”
• The next white key is called “D” and so on
• After reaching “G”, the next white key is “A” , then “B”
• Then again Back to “C”
• So omitting the black keys in between, the white keys of the first Octave is C-D-E-F-G-A-B
• So next Octave is again C to B and so on……till we complete octaves of keys

Now, the natural question is, if there are so many C and D and so on, how to differentiate this ?
• For this purpose, the whole range of keys are divided into two major groups, viz. Treble and Bass.
In your music player also you are already using the Bass and Treble adjustments ! So you feel the difference, and know this already…!
Sound at lower pitch are refined and made clear while adjusting bass and sound of higher pitch are made clear and appreciated if Treble is adjusted.
So concept of Bass & Treble is clear. Same is applied to keyboard, lower octaves and upper octaves….!
• Usually, the reference key "C" with a particular frequency (indicating the starting range) is marked as MIDDLE – C .
• All the keys starting from middle-C and above..proceeding towards right hand side are called Treble portion
• All the keys below the middle C upto the left corner of the keyboard are called the Bass portion.

(to be continued in Part-2)

Lesson-5 : Mapping of Tones and Notes : Part -2

(continued from Part-1)

Yes… how to represent the keyboard keys in WCM method ?

Refer to the following figure which maps the keyboard key and the notation on the Stave




Each note of the keyboard is now represented on paper now.

Starting from Middle-C onwards in Treble Clef....... and below that using Bass Clef.

The notes are proceeding in ascending order from the bottom of the line to top

For the time being forget about the various shapes of the musical notes written over these lines and spaces.

Just concentrate over the letter written on a line or space and make the relationship it refers to the key mentioned in the piano / keyboard.

That’s All !

Do you feel like suddenly a wide door is opened towards an unknown house and see the inside of a big hall (cinematically…!)

Yes we have indeed entered into the WCM Palace…..!

We are very clear about the Alphabets of WCM now ! Aren’t We ??

People who wants to become proficient and expert can attempt to mug-up these line and space representations of A , B, C etc. in different Clef system (You always will become the front benchers and can become darling of the teachers ! ).

Others Just relax & enjoy and Be happy about whatever you have known so far !

We are always wiser than yesterday !

Lesson-6 : Mapping of Tones and Notes : Part -3

Let me summarise the previous learnings :

WCM follows 12 key system for an Octave. Consisting of 7 white keys and 5 black keys in between. Each octave is a repetitive pattern of these 12 keys.

Range division in a piano is based on the reference key called Middle C. Octave starting with Middle C and above are represented using Treble Clef. Octaves below the Middle C are represented using Bass Clef.
In Treble Clef, the bottom most line starts with letter E and proceed in ascending manner F, G etc. etc . in alternate Line and Space manner. Same way in Bass Clef, Bottom most line starts with G and then proceeds in ascending manner.
To find the notes on a stave there are some short cut method, which makes our life easier….
In the Treble Clef… the letters on the lines are E, G, B, D, F . So Remember the Sentence …..
Every Green Bus Drives Fast…..
In Treble Clef, the letters coming in the spaces are F, A, C, E.
That’s it…. Remember the word……… FACE
Same way for Bass Clef, for the letters on Lines, remember the sentence :
Good Boys Deserve Fine Apples
In Bass Clef, for the letters coming in the spaces, remember the sentence :
All Cows Eat Grass
One additional point: the software people use another technique viz. Binary technique in indexing, the “searching from middle" technique.
So my idea is also remember the center line of each clef. In treble clef it is ‘B’ and in Bass Clef it is ‘D’. From this you can find the relative letters either upward or downward…!
Our future discussions, most of the time we may refer these notations, it is better if you could familiarize with them.
- practice yourself to identify a particular note mentioned in a stave
- and find the corresponding letter name mentally
- and its position in the instrument.
- Then relate the sound you hear in the instrument.

(If you could practice so much that by seeing the note in stave, its sound comes to your mind, you have reached the ultimate !!! Most of the musicians working with IR are experts like that …! )
IR is something beyond comprehension..
Even for our normal film songs, He thinks for nearly twenty or more such co-ordinated notes for different instruments at a time and write it down directly on paper. (Symphony writing is still beyond that !)
Creation, Visualization in mind, Dissecting of notes, Writing it on paper…….
no obstruction of flow any where... anytime……
Even assuming that all other skills can be attained by very hard practice & experience…
Can anybody be on Creative mode for all the 24 hours …365 days ....decades together ??? !!!!
Comparatively, our requirement is very simpler…
Just able to read a note at a time .. at our own speed.. and finding a match on the instrument… at our own time & speed…You can attempt it…. Ok..?

At least you shall gain this much confidence…. that , If staff notes are given,
- One can (even if you are not able to do that somebody else can…..) relate and sing/ play the instrument and
- by the same way if somebody sings or some instrument is played, it can be represented back into the staff notes ….!
That's it !

Lesson-7 : Letter to Word

Hi All,

Summary of yesterday :

Following sentences help us in easy remembering of notations in a staff

Treble – Lines : Every Green Bus Drives Fast
Treble- Spaces: FACEBass – Lines : Good Boys Deserve Fine Apples
Bass –Spaces : All Cows Eat Grass
What Next ?

If you know letters , you can form words.

In language form, collection of letters form a word – One letter, Two , three, four,,, etc etc.. A, AT, CAT, etc etc..

the way we learn in languages, here also, combination of sounds you can try and learn and feel it.

Concentrate on first three notes of an octave… make combination of sounds, play slowly, feel it and enjoy.

Then five notes, then seven notes, then two octaves etc etc…..

For example, play C and G slowly, try to sustain the sound in each note . Does that tell something to you…?

If not, now try to play that as if you are telling "Poo….ve……" ( as in the song "Poove Ilaiya Poove" of "Kozhi Koovudhu…") !

Now it make sense to you … isn’t it ?

Same way try CD EE EE very slowly…. No idea,,,? ,

now play it as if you are para-phrasing and telling Jana-Gana Mana …. Yes that’s it….!

(This incidentally makes you feel that there is time element that shall be followed in playing a note, word.. etc..

Yes you are right… We are going to cover that separately in near future…so please wait…)

So, the reverse process of above is equally true; i.e if musical "word" is giving, we can dissect that into letters and write it on the stave… !

While forming word, starting from first letter of that word, the other letters have some relative positions…It goes up an down and mixes everything.. So also here, all permutations and combination of notes….

But with one word of Caution…! while it is easy to write a word say “AXE” , (Letter No-1, no-24, no-5 alphabetically), and it is easy to speak & pronounce also,

In music form, if I ask you to sing key no-1, then 24 and then 5, in succession.. ..you will run way…! (of course in instrument it may be possible, but with difficulties….)

So, naturally, in music evolution...which started from human singing, always take care to use practicality of using relative adjacent notes only… !

If you want to catch high notes, first make a smooth transition from low to high, shift near that range and then dwells in that area… like that… !

There is no hard and fast rules..

Everything indicates …be practical.. and it shall make sense to you and everybody who listens to it. ! That’s all !

The smooth transition is one basic fundamental principle which guides most of the harmony rules….!

So I wanted to highlight that even now at this preliminary stage ! (of word formation…)

One interesting digression….!
In previous paras, I mentioned about words in which letters having relative upward and downword movement w.r.t. previous letter…!

Can you think of English Sentence which have words that are having letters moving only upward (in relation to first letter of that word….) and no mix-up.. ?

OK.. In music it is attempted successfully by IR, in “ Kalai vaniye….” song..of Sindhu Bairavi…!

Each word-like component start on particular note, then all other notes within that word are only in ascending order (in relation to previous note..…! to symbolize that there will be no more downward movement in the life of the hero and only upward looking….) !

IR write Words, Sentences, even a Book in this fashion...!

Enjoy this song now, about this new dimensions given by IR with our present understanding…

Challenge...Thy Name IR !

Lesson-8 : Time Factor in Music-Feel It !

Hi All,

When somebody ask about your language proficiency, we indicate that in terms of Read, Write & Speak.

So here in music also, our proficiency requirement is in terms of Read, write and Play.

But.. I am equally stressing the Fourth parameter, ie Feeling ….

Feeling a language means, the basics, background communicated through such read, write, speak effort…

In case of music, Feeling the music….we are already experiencing that through IR !

All other skills enable and improvise that experience..

That’s one reason why I try to dwell a little longer on these basics and trying to correlate certain IR examples now and then…!

Please don’t feel that these are only certain abstract terms which are not going to help much…rather these will refine our appreciation process and help in fast pick-up later.

These basics hold good in all kind of music whether Carnatic or WCM !

Today, we are extending our understanding and comparisons of words in a language and in a musical form..!

While writing we give some space in between words, to mark the end of the word and also start of next…...While speaking also, there is some undefined gaps between words..!

So also in music we do that…which can only be felt…!

This gap is necessary to communicate properly the musical word, its start and end, its effect etc

and also to take a breath in between if you sing,

or, if you are playing some instrument give some rest and change the finger , hand position in between etc.

(The professional singers can realize what I mean… controlling the breath while singing and take proper rest at right place…without making hissing exhale sound in the mike…!

So also in instrument playing aligning your hand position for proper fingering is more crucial for continuity of playing. Good composers take care of all these while writing music…!.)

Next un-conscious thing we are doing is giving stress to certain letters in the words (as is taught learnt to speak) .

Usually words are divided on such stresses as single (mono) syllable word (at, cut etc) , 2-syllables (Tren-dy, Win-dow etc..) , 3 syllables (beau-ti-ful, en-trench-ment etc.) and so on..

Usually such stress while speaking will be on the first part, sometimes on second part like that..

Now take the example…. “Me-gam…Kot-tat-tum….Aaat-tum Un-du…..” You can feel the stressing given in the beginning of each of these word…musically also…!

Usually, each of these syllable are assigned some kind of note ( C, D, E etc.,….as per the tune…) and while playing or singing, such stresses are automatically fall in line with the strong beat of the rhythm of the song…!

Another song.. “ Van-Dhaal… Van-Dhaal…. Raa-ja-Ku Ma-ri….” See the pattern of breaking into notes and the stress shifting while singing….!

Also the gap in between word taking a fraction of some time …

If I say 1-2-3, 1-2-3 to match first two words above…1& 2 denotes Van-dhal and 3 is a gap or silence, which I want you to notice !

Another anology, In Tamil, while grammar of poetry writing is taught we are told something like, equating the words & its sound to two basic components “Ner “ & “Ni-rai” !

So word is broken into Ner or Nirai or combinations of Ner-Nirai forming the words like “The-ma, Puli-Ma, The-Maang-Kaai, Puli-Maang-Kaai, Karu-Vilang-Kani etc etc….. !

If Ner = one value, and Ni-rai = 2 equal half values and so on…

You can assign musical notes of such value for each syllable..any words !

Are you realizing now, for the genius like IR who knows these fundas, lyrics to music or music to lyrics anything is possible…!

If somebody finds fault with IR on such issues, its only their ignorance !

Generally, Time element of the syllable determine the breaking up of musical word and vice versa.

Again…. no hard and fast rules !

See how IR prolongs the word “Aaaaathu…. Meeeeeettula…..” song of Gramathu Adhyayam requiring so many notes to one syllable also….!

Dissecting the notes and assigning the proper time value is a great skill !

In the above paras of today, what I tried is, to make you think of the various factors that may govern the …"The Time Association of Musical Notes…”

Through that we shall be able to understand the time duration of each notes, the gap or silences between them , time when the stressing of note occur, etc…etc.

Lesson-9 : Timing the Time : Part-1

Hi All,
Musical Song is like a graph. Are you able to visualise that ?
Most of us having some knowledge about the graph sheet. It is the pictorial way of representation of some relationship for better understanding.


The points on the graph are drawn referring to the X-axis and Y-axis (horizontal and vertical axes) and these points are connected to get a line, curve etc…!
Whatever we covered so far, ie. the sound level of the notes, talks about only one axis say the vertical Y-axis in which the the level of notes like C, D, E etc can be plotted .
But the other horizontal X- axis is the "Time" which indicates the dynamic change of notes in every unit measurement of time..!
Alternatively, this indicates the duration of each particular note and the successive notes !
The Graph anaology I will repeat in future also; so please remember this..!
Coming back to our Score sheet format, now we have learnt that Sound level are represented in the lines and spaces of the Stave.
But how to represent the time duration of each of the notes?
This is done by denoting the Time factor by different shapes of notes like white round note, black note, black note with an attached stem etc.
Also, one more aspect in denoting the time.
How much time is one unit ???? (equivalent to ask how much time is equivalent to one second ?)
When we say time duration, we consider some unit measurement of time say similar to the Tick-Tack of a clock .
This you can say very slow as Teeeeeeeeeeek-Taaaaaaaaak,
or fast as Tick-Tack etc etc.
So there must be a definition of this unit time.
This is done by defining that in "one minute = so many notes" shall be palyed.
(There is an instrument called metronome which takes care of that aspect. You might have heard and seen that in film Punnagai Mannan!
In Orchestra, the "Conductor" perform the role of metronome, in addition to other roles!!! How the slow and speed movement of a Conductor will affect the song, is explained and show-caused to the lay man in the song "Vandhe Matharam" of "Mumbai Express"!!)
That unit-duration is pre-defined as per the music or as per composer wish etc…!
This definition of unit duration, takes care of the synchronisation aspects of BGMs in re-recording also!
But once any standard unit duration is defined for a song ( or a portion of song), you apply that uniformly through-out that song (or for that portion of the song).
That’s what the essential requirement !

Lesson-10 : Timing the Time : Part-2

Hi All,

Based on the assumed unit duration, the various standard notations used in WCM score sheet writing (for notfying the time duration of each individual note) are as follows :

Whole Note = 4 units --- (also called as Breve )

denoted by a oval shaped white note, without any vertical line (stem) attached to that.

This means, if you hit a piano key, or make a sound on violin, or sing with your voice,

Start the sound and SUSTAIN it for a duration of Four counts. (but careful to stop it after four count…!)

Like saying Aa aa aa aah opening your mouth…clapping for 4 uniform counts !

While playing instrument, try to make uniform tapping using your leg for four counts !

Half-Note = 2 units --- (also called as Semi-breve or Minim )

denoted by a white (not filled) note with a Stem attachment (usually extends approx. 3 lines equivalent of the staff lines ).

- playing method is same as above except that the duration is restricted to 2 units or 2 counts or 2 claps/taps etc..

Quarter Note = 1 unit ---- (also called as Crotchet )

denoted by a black note with stem attached (filling the oval shape of minim with black )

– Playing duration one count, one clap, tap etc..

One-Eighth Note = ½ unit --- (also called as Quaver)

denoted by a Crotchet with a tail, ie by adding a small tail shape curve at the top of the stem of the Crotchet.

Playing is slightly complicated in the sense you have to count half of a normal clap or tap.

For which you imagine the word Se-ven or Ja-Na (of Ja-na Ga-na Ma-na) or Ni-rai and try to say this in one clap time and assume the time you allotted to either Se or Ja or Ni in the above.

Another way is instead of saying One – Two – Three – Four while counting, for the same equal duration, try to Say One-and-Two-and-Three-and-Four-and ..

You may certainly need a slight practice in the beginning.. and can slowly pick-up later.

In the same way, you are having, ¼ , 1/8 , 1/16, 1/32, 1/64 th notes (called as Semi-quaver, Semi-Demi-quaver etc etc…)

and each time you add one additional tail with the stem while denoting them in the score sheet ! !

Also, Sounds are not the only part of a Music!

Silences also make music ! They also have calculated durations! Similar to the above notes!

See the following summary table for the Notes and Rests



Complicated isn’t it !

Don’t worry, fellows who learn practical playing, let them try and practice it !

At least we have now understood that there are such complicated notes which can be played by experts like in the starting gushing of violins in IR song “Aananda Raagam Ketkum Kaalam….” (Panneer Pushpangal) !

or the fast piano +violin piece coming in the Kaala Kaala Maaga Vazhum Kaadhalukku Naangal Arpanam…of Punnagai Mannan !

(By the way, what can be the time duration of those notes ?? )

Now, we are having enough information to understand a score sheet and the notes in terms of the name of the notes as well as the duration of the notes.

Scan mentally as many songs as possible and get the hang of it !

Also see some kind of grouping of notes existing (calculate the sum total of notes duration within a segment) and think of it !

We will talk about them later !

Lesson-11 : Get the Hang of Bar : Part-1

Hi All,
Now again let us have the graph sheet example.
In a graph, normally, you can see the major equal divisions marked by a Thick lines (say, at every 10th line) and slightly lesser thick line alternating (say, at every alternate 5th line) and very Light lines between two thick lines (say, 4 such lines between Thick & Lesser Thick lines). This pattern is getting repeated in the garph in both the Axes.
These are required for easy comprehension (reading and visual purposes) of the graphs and easy marking of the co-ordinates.
Like this, the Stave lines in the Score Sheet is also equally divided by a major vertical dividing line, called a bar line. Equal means equal in terms of time vlaue of the notes.
Within each bar line, the sum total of time value of the notes remain same. (i.e. whatever may be the types of notes used within that bar, by adding all the time values it will be same for each bar)
Generally, depending upon the song, this total time value of a bar will be equivalent to 4 crotchets or 3 crotchets or 2 crotchets duration.
Sometimes instead of crotchets, Quavers are also used as units.




Within one bar also, the notes of lesser than a crotchet are grouped to make one crotchet equivalent.
All these makes the reading of notes easier in a score sheet.
(There are certain rules of how to write the stem of the notes, either upwards or downwards.
If the notes are coming above third line of the stave, it is written downward, and if notes are below third line, it is written upwards.
And on the third line it can be any way.
This rule does not apply when harmony writing in short score format..)

Lesson-12 : Get the Hang of Bar- Part-2

Generally, while playing or singing the notes, the very first note of the bar is given an relative accent compared to others.

In case of a four crotchets per bar system, the 3rd note also slightly accented but not to the extent of first one.

The 2nd and 4th notes are played normally.

Please recall earlier discussions wherein we indicated, the breaking of words into syllables and stressing of certain part of the syllable.

Now you can easily conclude such stressing of word part falls on the First note of the bar.

Alternatively, you can analyse the existing song and carry out the reverse process of dissecting into notes….. Such accented words/notes will help you in identifying the bar start, in a song.

And then you can watch how many units each bar is having.

Try to make uniform claps or tapping, mentally trace one bar equivalent.

Try to say 1-2-3-4, repeatedly (or 1-2-3, 1-2-3) and see whether you are getting synchronized with the accented words when saying 1.

With that you can form a mental graph sheet and try to fit the various notes within a bar and analyse the duration of each note.

Like this, bar-by-bar you can proceed and write the time value of the notes first.

Simultaneously, the sound value of the note C, D, E etc of particular notes are identified by comparing mentally or with instrument, and the notes are placed on their respective lines or space in the stave.

Easy to tell.. But needs a lot of practice…!

Biggest problem in IR song is, you get so invoooooooolved in the song, the instruments etc, you fail repeatedly in following this rhythm count analysis.

But with little practice, you can find the songs are so clear in notes pattern, and easily you can identify the bar lines.

Later on, you yourself will become addict to such following up of saying 1-2-3-4 to any of his song automatically and mentally visualizing these bars !

Lesson-13 : IR Bar Service - Enjoy !

In this session, I am giving some IR examples for your follow-up.

Try to say 1-2-3, 1-2-3 alongwith the following songs, and identify the bar separation, the notes within the bar, the ascent of a particular word etc. to the extent possible :

(adjust the speed of 1-2-3 to match the speed of the song/words as required, and find whether my comments and time make some sense to you ?)
1) Nilavu (1-2-3) –Thoongum (1-2-3) --- Neram--- (1-2-3) (one bar of silence…1-2-3)

2) Idha (3) Yam - oru (1-2-3) - Kovil (1-2-3) (slight difficult in start follow the Tablaa)

3) Paruva (1-2-3) me…(1-2-3) Pudhiya – Paadal --- Padu (follow the foot steps sound …!)

4) Aa Aa Aa (1-2-3) Nand dh aa (1-2-3) Ra aa aa (1-2-3) Gam mm mm (1-2-3) (panneer pushpangal song)

5) Pattu-Kanna-mm (1-2-3) Thottu-Koll-aa (1-2-3) (listen to the starting tik-tik-tik…1-2-3, 1-2-3…)

6) Raa-saa-thi (1-2-3) On-nai-ai (1-2-3) Kaa-naa-dha (1-2-3) Nen-ju-uu (1-2-3) …. (follow the violin chords interlude…1-2-3, 1-2-3…)

7) Chin-na-Chin (1-2-3) na-aa-a (1-2-3) Van-nak-ku (1-2-3) yil-ll-ll (1-2-3)…. (Of Mouna Raagam)

8) Chittukku Chella Chittukku ( You follow 2 beats per bar or the 3 units per beat ?.... Good teaser……)

Listen to the songs below with 1-2-3-4 claps….or 1-2 claps

(initially it will be problematic, to segregate 2 crotchets per bar and 4 crotchets per bar…don’t worry.. atleast find the difference from 1-2-3 claps now…)

1) Megam Kottatum

2) Edho Mogam Vandhado…… (mouna raagam )

3) Koondukkulle enna vacchu

4) Nilave Vaaa – ( mouna raagam) ( in both the songs at 3 & 4 tabla will speak that 1234, 1234 for you.. …)

5) Roja Poo Vadugindradhu…(Agni Nakshatram)

Its an ocean ! Each song will take atleast a day for you, if you are really involved.

Your mind, mouth, hand everything will ache…….!!

but you will be so mesmerized, that you cant leave and get out of this addiction…!

Try it… !

There will be many more additional revelations occurring to you ( just like it happened to Buddhaa ) !

Something like this :

Irrespective of the variation in the apparent rythm style of song from Pallavi to Charanam etc , from Carnatic to Western to folk etc etc, the basic tim count you are following remain the same say 1-2-3. or 1-2-3-4 etc !

However, you will be astonished to note the different make-ups it is going through….Amazing ! (Listen to Oh Vasantha Raajaa…in Neengal Kettavai ! Irrespective of tabla or drum beats variation the basic is always 4 counts.)

The silences or gaps in between notes also take such uniform timing units ! Silences do have counts !

Number of bars per line of lyrics generally falling on even numbers generally divisible by 4 normally…!

In general,

Each Pallavi takes some 8 bars or 16 bars like that…

Each Charanam takes some 32 bars to 64 bars…etc…

Each of the interludes gaps also divisible by 4.. etc etc.

Any new instrument introduction or new voice starts or leave the music on exactly in those even number bars…!

Sometimes, the percussion instrument starts exactly on bar start but, the lyric portion shows a little lag or lead and confusing us…!

Sometimes, it was so difficult to find the counts in the Pallavi, then suddenly it is so easy to follow in the Charanam (mainly due to the complicated beats of the percussions…! )

We will do the naming of such Thaalams, Counts etc later…!

For the time being just realize and visualize..! And FEEEEEEEL IT !

Lesson-14 : Consolidation of Time Factor!

Hi All,

In fact, today’s posting is mainly to Summarise our understandings (numbered as US-1, 2 etc.) of Time related discussions so far :

US-1 : Sound Level and Time duration of notes are two important aspect of musical notes.

US-2 : Assuming an unit time duration, The following are the various time values of the notes frequently used in score sheets :



Whole Note (Semi-breve) – 4 units – White oval shape note without stem
Half-Note (Minim) - 2 units - White note with vertical stem
Quarter Note (Crotchet) - 1 unit - Black note with a vertical stem
One-Eighth Note (Quaver) – half unit – Crotchet with a tail added at the stem

(further halving of quaver, will halve the unit and represented by additional tails each time)
Similar to the sound, Silence also have time factor and are denoted by appropriate symbols.

US-3 : The actual duration of one unit of time duration is a variable one and determined based on the music, composer’s choice etc.

US -4 : Bar lines shown in a score sheet divide the musical notes into equal time period and this helps in easy grouping of notes and better reading of notes.
US-5 : Each bar will be consisting of notes of various time duration as per song requirement, but the sum-total of notes in each bar will remain the same.

This sum total in a bar may be equal to either 4 units, 3 units or 2 units. (These units may be normally crotchet and sometime other note values are also used . Also, there are some complicated time units also which for the time being we will ignore).

US-6 : Within bar also, notes less than one unit are grouped to make one single unit for better reading.
US-7 : The notes falling on the start of the bar are usually accented (stress is given).

Conversely , this give clue to identify the starting of musical bar and help in analyzing the notes and their time values.
Analyse IR songs as much possible w.r.t time value, bar divisions etc. Nobody is going to give you so much excellent, examples thorough practical lessons and illustrate so clearly like IR ! Utilise this opportunity to the maximum !

With these basic knowledge of Sound and Time, we are on the threshold of crossing the Nursery department of our learning!

My objective is to take you to the High School door steps and leave there for you to survive on your own further !

So Primary department is what we have to cross to reach high school door !

At this juncture, I would leave the “Time” matter as such, and will divert back to expanding our horizon of knowledge again related to the “Sound” Level of notes.

Lesson-15 : Back to The SOUND Track : SCALES in WCM !

Hi All,

[Our further discussions (which we will be continuing for next few sessions), does not require the details discussed earlier about Time element.
So, those who wants to consolidate their understanding on those topic related to Time, they can still do that and can also proceed now with these discussions, without getting into any problems.

But current lessons DO require the reasonable remembering of the keys and letters we attached to those sounds and their visual relative placements in a key board.
Both Treble Clef and Bass Clef octaves will be referred. You can absolutely use the piano/ keyboard all the time (either real one or the software one) for comparison while reading, even if you don’t remember these names etc.

As already promised, I will simplify the matter by omitting the black keys, but still you should remember the white keys placement in relation to these black keys then and there ! ]
Now back on Sound Track……

Let us concentrate on the seven notes C, D, E, F, G, A, B and C to complete one octave.

Imagine yourself amongst a collection of people.

• If that group is your office, then your style, function, behaviour etc follows certain pattern.
• If that group is your family, then you are a different person,
• and if it is friends' group then again you are showing a different personality.

Take the example of foreign languages like English, French, German etc.
Even though the alphabets use more or less remain same (in writing), based on the language chosen, the words, meaning it conveys etc become different .

Similarly,… even though the basic building blocks of life are Cells, they form different living being…

Such a "group behaviour" is exhibited by the musical notes also !
When you bunch these notes to a group in a particular fashion, they become a distinct group and the letter of that group also looks and behaves different in relation to that group pattern.
Such a group made of these musical notes (A to G) in a specific order is called the "SCALE".
So theoretically we can form numerous such groups and hence numerous scales.
But in WCM one such pre-dominant grouping is a scale called Major Scale.
This one is formed by grouping the letters starting from C to C omitting black keys.
In a piano keys these are all the adjacent white notes (please note I use the word adjacent and not consecutive still the black keys are coming in between, as you know) !

If you have a key board, what you can do is to slowly play these keys one-by-one from C (say middle-C) to next C in ascending order and in the same way play them in descending order also from top C to bottom C.
Whenever you reach C either at top or bottom of the octave, play it for a slightly longer duration.
Please play them slowly, repeatedly and repeatedly for umpteen number of times and fill your heart and mind with those pattern of sounds.
If you want you can play even three octaves of C to C (one octave below middle C and two octave higher from middle-C) in ascending and descending order….!
There is every chance that you will be reminded of many of the IR songs by now.
Can you list them ?
Let me help you with some of them…! (Try to Listen them also ….if possible)

1. Kodai Kaala Katre……Kulir Thendral Padum Pattee
2. Erik Karai Poongaatre…..
3. Poove Ilaiya Poove…….
4. Eriyile Elandha Maram Thangachi vacha maram…..
5. Aadungal Padungal.. Pillai Pon vandugal…….
6. Uravugal Thodarkadhai….
7. Nilaave Vaaa ..... Selladhe Vaa…
8. Paadha Kolusu Paattu Padi Varum…
9. Koondukkulle Enna Vachu…
10. Alli Thandha Boomi……..

The list is never ending one…! In fact you can cover 30 to 40% of IR songs (considering all kind of variations of this scale…) !
Mostly you will get a peaceful, jolly mood when you hear most of these songs !

So you can have some feel now about this Major scale !
Anyway, aim is to get a hang of it…so that … let us proceed with some more easy (?!) theories..!
About anatomy of these scale and the relation between their keys !
In mathematical way….!

Lesson-16 : Scaling the Scales : Part-1

Its straight simple Maths today !

Let us the assign each key a number from 1 to 12 for all the white and black keys in the order they are placed in a piano / keyboard, starting from Middle C for one octave ie upto next C, OK ?

Let us use the # symbol for the black keys, in between (usually they are called sharp of previous letter)



Considering our Major Scale, which we got introduced to in last discussion, which is pure white keys between C to C,

the key numbers for a Major Scale will be like this :



I think it is so simple for every one of you ! We have just omitted the black keys from the previous list and got the above list.

Now, one small relation ship we want to establish and analyse between two consecutive keys in the above Major Scale. For which, the following definition is presumed :

If the difference between the assigned numbers of the two adjacent key / notes of the major scale is ONE then the gap is called a Semitone.

If the difference is TWO then the gap is called Whole Tone.
With the above, analyse the gap between two adjacent notes of above Major Scale like this:



So let us define that,

A Major Scale shall have a gap pattern of adjacent notes as follows :

( Whole + Whole + Semi ) + Whole + ( Whole + Whole + Semi )

Lesson-17 : Scaling the Scales : Part-2

(Continued....from Part-1)
Hi All,

We just saw the pattern of a Major Scale which is as follows :



Conversely, we can also say that “ if any scale has the above gap pattern, then it shall be a Major Scale. “
Very simple….!

Certain other observation from the above interval (gap) pattern :

The total of these intervals are 5 Whole + 2 half = 6 Whole tones ( 12 keys x each half tone = 6 Full tone )

So, one octave is consisting of 6 whole tones and each consecutive notes of keyboard keys will be semitone distance apart.

(So you can conclude the White and black key relation is usually a semi tone apart…! Anyway we are not concerned with black keys directly now…!)

Another observation is that there is a symmetric pattern around the center point

i.e. C to F and G to C has similar pattern viz. ( Whole + Whole + Semi ) !!!

These two identical groups are added by the joining Whole tone in between F and G…!

In earlier period only four-notes scale similar to C to F existed and the present evolution of Major scale was the joining of two similar identical four-notes scale !

Which are easy to sing as well as easy to find in a key board system, all white keys!

(For Carnatic buffs : Such similarity you can get in raagam Mayamalava Gowla. So any Carnatic learning starts with this raagam for simplicity in singing due to this similarity )

So some kind of introduction we are having now with the Major Scale !

Lesson-18 : Anatomy of Major Scale : Part-1

Hi All,

What we did in our last discussion is

-to establish an identity of a typical 7-notes group called Major scale,
- by defining the pattern of the gap between each successive notes of this Major scale.
Let us also recall that in the Lesson-16, we assign key number 1 to 13 for the Octave, including the black keys, and then find the key numbers of all the white keys which are required for the Major Scale.

So, now comes a small confusion, i.e. how to denote a key ?

One way is , whenever we want to refer, use the key number of the white+black piano keys sequencing, which is 1 to 12
Another way is, use the numbering order of the 7 keys of the Scale itself (ideally we would prefer to notify them First note of Major Scale, Second note of Major scale etc in that sequence).
In order to help the Second way, again we can use two methods, viz.

1) use the Roman numerals I to VII to denote the Seven notes of the Scale, as follows :
(Using the same table of yesterday, our Major scale on C can be represented as follows):



So we have two distinct numbering systems 1 to 12 for the Keys and I to VII for the Scale.

These Roman numerals are valid for any type of scale (including the new scales which we will learn).

I hope this is simple and clear to you!

2) The another method to denote the 7-notes of the scale is using the traditional "Naming convention" (instead of Roman Numeral or as an additional representation system along with Roman Numeral) is calling them by a special unique name for each of the key of the Scale.
(This naming system is valid for all type of scales whether Major Scale or Minor Scale which we will discuss soon ) .

These names are given below :



(for those who knows Carnatic system, they can correlate them to the special words used in Carnatic to denote 7 swarams (notes) as Shadjam, Rishabam, Gandharam , Madhyamam, Panjamam, Dhaivadham and Nishadham and shortly denoted by Sa Ri Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni )

For Clarity, I will make some more elaborations. Listen carefully :

In case of the Major Scale, starting from C, the key numbers sequences of the Seven notes are 1-3-5-6-8-10-12-(13)

And we will call each of them from first note as Tonic, second as Supertonic, third as Mediant etc etc.

Suppose imagine some other scale, which uses the keys 1-2-4-7-8-10-11-(13), which may be the combination black and white keys.

We will still call the first note as Tonic, 2nd note as Super tonic etc…..
So naming convention like Tonic, Super Tonic etc give you only the Relative reference name

whereas the exact key numbers like 1, 5, 7, 11 etc or the key names like C-D-sharp, E, F-sharp, G etc give the Absolute reference name.

To say further, take the case of the sound, note "F".
Though. this key will poduce the same sound, whatever way you call it, but in a particular scale it can be Tonic, in another scale it can be Dominant.

So, naturally, just by giving such Ralative Reference name like dominant, tonic etc, you cannot define or find the scale.
(So the same case is in Carnatic system also! … Just by saying Sa Ri Ga etc, you cannot define the Scale (Raagam) !
So you might have seen, they are using some way-out by indicating R1 D2 M2 N3 etc……as you have seen in the various technical discussions!….)
Needs a little bit concentration, that’s all, but all these are very simple concept !
Analyse it and convince yourself.. !
When we further go into deep, you will automatically understand this !

(usually when we are in High school, our ABCD is very clear (not the grammar ! ),
in College, multiplication/division is clear ….(not the Calculus ! .) .
Like that ….Don’t worry, one day we will get it…!)

Hope this is not too much for today !

Lesson-19: Anatomy of Scale : Part-2 - Feel the Scale !

Hi All,

Today just a few more points about the abstract part of a "Scale".

Mainly about the feeling of the various notes of the Scale.

Most of the following discussions are valid for both WCM and Carnatic scheme.

As earlier explained, each of the seven notes from Tonic to Leading note has its own distinct identity and creates some feeling in us .

This can certainly be felt while playing the scale slowly.

TONIC

Tonic, the starting note certainly gives that “I am the Basic and All “ feeling… !

i.e to say…when ever you are dwelling on this note, you feel some fulfillment.. and finishing effect…!

Most of the time, Song start with this note! Similarly most of the songs invariably end on this !

Even when you are passing on nearby notes like Leading note or Supertonic , you feel like either climb up or go down accordingly, to reach the Tonic and arrive at some balance !

Dominant
The next important note is the Dominant, which is like a fulcrum, center point, or mid point of a Scale range.

Certainly this one is the next, semi-balanced position where you can feel like staying there but at the same time not getting a finishing feeling for which you want to get back to the Tonic.

Its like while climbing stairs, you get a landing in the middle of the height and take some breathing, rest..... that kind of feeling..!

Its also true that in some songs, it will dodge you by giving a feeling as if it is the tonic !

(this kind of shifted Tonic feeling to dominant or other keys creates a lot of identification crisis in raagam for Carnatic people ! )

If you sing/ play the Tonic, Dominant and the next tonic octave higher, in succession , up and down repeatedly, you can feel the entire range of the Scale you are covering.

Play and feel it !

Usually, singers before starting the song, trying to ascertain whether they are capable and comfortable to sing the range of raagam/ scale, they practice Sa-Pa-Sa.

Like sea-saw board the bottom-middle-up and back the Scale range sounds for you.

Those who have heard the IR’s devotional album, Geethaanjali, might have noted this!

He starts with Sa –Pa–Sa filled with reverberating, Ohm type of sound, emanating from the instruments , and repeating for a few times and then getting into Saaaaa – Sagalamum Neeee, Paaa- Saaaaa- Sarvamum Nee, Sangeetham Nee… etc.

What a Classic feeling setting a reverberations in you…!
Another small piece of information: IR always finish his orchestra while recording or otherwise, with all his players playing the Sa – Pa – Sa in a particular fashion…!

Its like singing Mangalam song in (Sourashtram or Madhyamavathi raagam) in any Carnatic Kutcheri to finish the function.

Thus, Tonic & Dominant are the very essential notes of the Scale.

As we earlier saw, the Major scale hinges on Dominant with two identical parts on either side of it !

If you consider those four notes identical sequence C-D-E-F as well as G-A-B-C, it is clear that if C is the Tonic (starting note) for the first half, G is equivalent to be the Tonic of the next half !
Coming to other notes :

Between Tonic and Dominant, Mediant ie the third note, is in mid way between them and so the name.

Mediant

As we will learn later, a slight change in the Mediant will shift the scale from a Major scale to a Minor scale. Same is the effect of Sub-Mediant which is the 6th note and also can cause such effect.

Leading note

The Leading note is so called, because it always lead to the next Octave Tonic.

I bet that, if you play the scale after coming to this 7th note and extend the note playing for a little longer and wait ….........

you will tend to reach the 8th note ie Tonic, octave higher…! To get a satisfactory ending…!

Other notes

By the way, most of us know and add the word Sub or Super to denote the lower/ bottom or upper/ higher position. Like for examples, Sub-script, Super-Script, Sub-critical, Super-Critical etc. etc.

Same way, The note above Tonic is called the Super-Tonic and the note below the Dominant is called the Sub-Dominant.

The 6th note is called Sub-mediant and you can justify that if you see it from the Tonic as center.

Mediant is 3rd higher above tonic and Sub-mediant is third lower from Tonic.

(These I am putting just to remember the name from various angles! Don’t extend the arguments why not Super Dominant or Sub-Tonic etc….Spare me……!)
Ok …The essence of our discussions is,

We do ascertain to ourselves as of now, if we say Tonic, Supertonic, Mediant, Sub-dominant, Dominant, Sub-Mediant and Leading note, we mean the first, second, ….. to seventh note of a Scale…

ANY scale for that matter….!

We are very clear about that !

Lesson-20 : Intervals & Relationships - Part-1

Hi All,

Let me give you some analogy.

Assume the whole range of WCM as a housing Colony. There may be many tall Multi-storey-Apartments in that colony.

Now, we can concentrate one such apartment called the "Major Apartment". In which, we have identified a small flat/house called "C-Major Scale" !

Naturally, house will contain some People inside; in our case the Seven Notes of the Major scale!

So far, we have analysed and understood the overall pattern/ look of this house !

We have also got introduced ourselves and had a hand-shake with the seven members of this house and got their names also ! (Tonic, Dominant etc..)
We also guessed from the stature & appearance at a first glance, who is the House leader (is it not the Tonic ?) as well as some important other fellows among these members….!

So far so good… !

But don’t you feel, if we could remain some more time inside the house amongst them and do some careful observations, we can better understand the inter-relationship & behavioral pattern amongst them a little more ??

Incidentally, you can also make a better binding with each one of them in that process ?

Yes… we can do that…! And we are precisely going to do that just now…!

Anyway, the question that baffles you is :

Why at all this inter-relationship shall be understood ?

Good Question!

You may agree with me that, this abstractive term relationship is what binds the people together;

Just like in between Husband and Wife, with Parents and their children, brothers and sisters, elder generation and younger one etc etc...!

Each relationship has its own characteristics, pluses and minuses etc.

This relationship and the equations are what that create, balance and maintain the HARMONY in a family life.

Do you agree ?

So, Music also needs the Harmony;

particularly the WCM foundation is laid on this Harmony.

So to create, balance, understand and maintain the Harmony, we must understand the relationships between the basic constituents, i.e., the musical Notes!

While defining the pattern of a Major Scale, we indeed studied one such relationship, ie the gap between each adjacent notes, say 1&2, 2&3, 3&4 etc etc.

Now, we will look into another kind of relationship; i.e. the relationship between a particular note, say Tonic, and all other notes to this basic note, Tonic ! i.e relationship between 1&2, 1&3, 1&4 etc etc...!

In our human relation ship we have names for denoting various relationships, like Father, Mother, Sister etc etc;

Like that we need some naming convention to use them.

Let us see that !

Lesson-21 : Intervals & Relationships - Part-2

(continued from Lesson-20.......)

We are trying to establish the relationship between the Tonic, the first note of a scale and the Other notes of the same scale.

The relationship is expressed in terms of the interval between two notes.

As we are clear that, the Major Scale is consisting of seven notes.

The relation ship is expressed through the interval, which is primarily named by the number of notes above/ below the first reference note.

Taking Tonic as the reference,



Its easy to learn interval…. Isn’t it ?

Just , 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, & 7th ….. that’s all. Ok.. ….

As we generally know, the interval between 1st & 8th is called an Octave.

In case of anything above them viz. 9th, 10th etc are repetition of the same intervals like 2nd, 3rd and so on.

These are called Compound 2nd, Compound 3rd and so on.

Still, some small problem…..

This only give a general title of the relationship , but if you want to go further deep to feel the characteristic of the relationship, we need to add certain additional title to that.

For example, a 3rd only denotes the interval of a 3rd note from the reference note.

As we already know, for the third note, depending on the type of scale, we may be using a white key, or a black key above or below etc…

So, we have to specifically say which type of 3rd is this .

This is done by adding certain Prefix to the simple title of 2nd, 3rd etc

The various such prefixes which are normally getting added to an interval number are as follows :

• Minor,
• Major,
• Perfect,
• Augmented &
• Diminished

Basically, such classifications were formed on the traditional study of the Sound quality of these intervals and conclusions arrived at.

For the time being we will not get into those complications of reasons for the name and others.

What we will learn just now is the titles associated with our normal Major Scale which we are now concentrating upon.

In the case of a Major Scale, the name of these intervals (w.r.t. Tonic … don’t forget that….! ) are as follows ;

The 4th & 5th are called Perfect intervals.

The 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 7th, are called the Major Intervals

With this we can summarise the names of the intervals in a Major Scale as follows:



You just believe it ! And Memorise it !

Easy, because in Major scale everything is Major intervals except the 4th and 5th which are Perfect intervals !

Any Major Scale which follows the rule of (Whole + Whole + Semi) + Whole + (Whole + Whole + Semi ) will have these intervals w.r.t. the Tonic.

Just for your idea :
• Any interval a semitone lesser than Major interval is called a Minor Interval.
• Any interval a semitone lesser than Minor interval is called a Diminished Interval
• Any interval a semitone more than a Major interval is called a Augmented Interval
We will discuss them later.

Now we know some more jargons…and we are a little bit more wiser….!

Hereafter, if somebody talks about major, minor, augmented, diminished, perfect…etc etc… we need not turn our faces & ears away with some aversion, ……

Rather now, we will listen to them a little more confidently, attentively… !

Later on, while we learn our chords and related subject, these terms will be repeated a lot of time…
and by that time, we will be master of these terms…!

Lesson-22 : Intervals Between Any Two Notes

Hi All,

( For those who pick-up fast and want to proceed further, Just for the continuity of the previous topic, the following discussion is given.. Pure mathematical analysis. But for those who find it difficult to follow, just read the following and forget it….! We can pick these up later ! )

In previous discussions, we named the intervals of each of the seven notes with the Tonic.

It is basically hinting about the number of notes above the reference note as well as adding the prefix of Major, Minor etc…

In the case of Major Scale, All the intervals w.r.t. Tonic are Major except the 4th and 5th which are called the Perfect.

Also we had the hint about the naming of other intervals, like Minor, Diminished and Augmented intervals in relation to the Major & Perfect intervals.

Using the same technique, we can find the intervals between any notes of Major scale (other than w.r.t. Tonic as reference note…) or for that matter any note to any note whether it is a major scale or otherwise.

I will provide you a reference list which will help in naming the prefix of intervals !

Earlier in our numbering convention, we used 1 to 13 for each of the white and black keys..

Let me re-state that table here :



If you want the interval between particular notes,

Deduct the serial numbers of concerned notes as per above and you get how many Semitones they are separated….!

Then from following table you can get the prefix to be added

and the numbering the interval is easy one which is just counting how many notes above the reference point..!




( This is one general table just to guide. Bracketed names are just theoretical possibilities and may not be relevant in many cases also as per WCM norms.

But in case of Carnatic reference they may crop up that’s my guess !

Please remember the numbering shall be based on the distance of the notes alphabetically…!

But best method to find the interval is

• to assume the first note in question as the Tonic of the corresponding Major Scale
• and automatically recall the Major scale intervals
• and from there the 2nd note in question is compared whether it is equal or above or below the referenced Major Scale interval etc
• and then name of that prefix is found out…

That we will discuss later….. )
From the above, if you deeply analyse all sort of possible intervals between any two notes of Major Scale, (remember now we are talking about intervals other than w.r.t tonic also ….! ie intervals between any two notes...) , it is quite possible it may have some minor intervals also….

(example : it is Minor 2nd , between E&F or B&C of the C-Major Scale. etc. etc..) ..

So a Major Scale has some Minor intervals also….!

Similarly, later on we will learn a Minor scale which will have some Major intervals also…!

So don’t get confused & be careful between the various terms like a Major or Minor intervals and the Major or Minor Scale etc…

( Same is the case with the Major and Minor Chords classifications, which we will discuss later….) ….

All are different….!

How confused are you today… ???

Best wishes for your stability …. !

Those who have not read and are fortunately still stable, w.r.t our WCM-Colony Analogy, let us see further Houses in the floors above of our C-Major Scale ….!

In our next discussion…!

Lesson-23 : The Major Apartments - Sharp Analysis : Part-1

Hi All,

Let us go back to our Apartments Analogy.

We are in our WCM Colony.

And we did locate the Major apartments which indeed a 12 storey building…!

And to start with we visited the Ground Floor House ie C-Major…

We had the glimpse of all Seven members and tried to understand the various relationships between them.

Now it's ime to move up to the upper floors of this House …. Let’s go..!

But climb with me straight away to 8th floor….Forget for the time being those intermediate flats C#, D, …E, F, etc. …..and you see we have reached… G-Major…!

Enter it, you feel this is the same type of look…like C….! Again the seven members of the flat welcome us…!

Of course… now the leader of the house is “G”…!

Person is same… but the role title is different….G is the leader and D is second leader.. and so on… !

but…check carefully…

you find one person is "missing" and another new person has taken his place…!

Like in the long serial TV drama…the character remain same… but that is played by a new actor or actress….!

Who is that ?.. that is indeed F-Sharp… and F has left the scene…!

Why and how did it happen….?

To explain that, putting aside the above example for the time being….let us get into the business of mathematical analysis as usual…!

Our earlier understanding of Major scale stipulates that we need a pattern of adjacent notes obeying

(Whole+Whole+Semi) + Whole + (Whole + Whole + Semi)
When we start the Scale with note G, all the other notes A, B, C, D, E takes care of these interval…….

But the moment we select F, this is not obeying the Whole tone gap required ( since gap between E to F is only a Semi tone )…

So you have to jump to one more next key to reach F-Sharp (F#) thereby satisfying the criteria…

and it indeed fulfils the next & last semi tone requirement as F-Sharp to G is exactly that…!

So the G-Major notes are

G-A-B-C-D-E-F#-G … That’s it !

So, in comparison to C-Major (all-white-key-scale), in the case of G-Major, we have added one Black-member to the family by replacing a White member…!

Hope this is clear !

Some more clarifications on representing and denoting a black note will be given in next posting....